15. January 2025

Reinsdyrene er blitt kannibaler. Apollon, Forskningsmagasinet. Universitetet i Oslo

 

 

Reinsdyrene er blitt kannibaler

– Et helt bisart fenomen, sier ledende forskere om at reinen i Langfjella gnager hverandres gevirer til stumper.

BARE STUMPER IGJEN: – Sunne dyr i et godt miljø oppfører seg ikke slik. Dette er enda et faresignal for bestandene av rein i Langfjella, sier Atle Mysterud. Foto: NINA

– Dette er det merkeligste jeg har sett i hele min karriere, sier professor Atle Mysterud og peker på bildene fra Langfjella som viser en reinsdyrflokk der et flertall av dyrene bare har stubber igjen av sine en gang staselige gevirer. 

“Men dette er noe ganske annet enn å gnage på kompisene sine som i høyeste grad fortsatt er i live.” 

På en video ser man tydelig at et individ gnager på gevirene til et annet, tilsynelatende uten at denne reinen bryr seg nevneverdig. 

– Det er et helt bisart fenomen, sier professoren på Institutt for biovitenskap ved Universitetet i Oslo. 

Det er tidligere kjent at reinsdyr og andre hjortedyr kan finne på å gnage på såkalte fallgevir, altså felte horn som ligger på bakken. Teorien er at de felte gevirene inneholder mineraler som dyrene trenger. 

– Men dette er noe ganske annet enn å gnage på kompisene sine som i høyeste grad fortsatt er i live. 

Fjellets nomade nå stedfast

Villreinen var blant de aller første som kom til Norge etter den siste istiden. Der levde den fredfullt på gigantiske vidder i tusenvis av år. 
Men noe har skjedd etter den kraftige befolkningsveksten de siste 100 årene. Der reinsdyrene tidligere hadde enorme, uavbrutte områder å utfolde seg på, er livsrommet i dag klart begrenset. 

FORBLØFFET: – Det store mysteriet er hvordan i huleste denne sykdommen kom til Nordfjella, sier professor Atle Mysterud. Foto: UIO

– Hvis du går et par hundre år tilbake, hadde de helt fra Setesdal til Jotunheimen å boltre seg på. 

I dag er områdene reinsdyrene kan bevege seg på, oppdelt i 24 avgrensete villreinområder, og det er ikke mulig å flytte seg enkelt mellom dem. 

– Veibygging, kraftutbygging, boliger og hyttefelt gjør at reinen får livsgrunnlaget innskrenket. De lever under kunstige forhold, der de ikke lenger kan trekke naturlig mellom ulike sesongbeiter.

Fjellets nomade er blitt stedfast. Kan mangelen på arealer ha ført til en så akutt mangel på nødvendige næringsstoffer, at reinsdyrene rett og slett er blitt kannibaler? 

– Mye tyder på at dette fenomenet har med miljøforhold å gjøre. Normalt flytter reinsdyrene seg over store områder for å få tilgang til det de trenger av næringsstoffer i et stedvis ganske karrig landskap. Det kan tenkes at de gnager på hverandre for å få i seg de mineralene de desperat trenger.

Hvordan i huleste?

I 2016 oppdaget forskere en villreinsimle som døde da det skulle merkes dyr med GPS-sendere. De forfulgte en flokk med helikopter, og ett dyr ble stresset og døde. Det viste seg at den fryktede skrantesjuken var kommet til bestandene i det norske fjellandskapet. 

– Det store mysteriet er hvordan i huleste dette kom til Nordfjella, sier Mysterud. 

Skrantesjuken er ikke utløst av bakterier eller virus. I stedet er den en såkalt prionsykdom. Prionproteiner er små proteiner som fins naturlig hos alle pattedyr. De kan av og til endre form til såkalte prioner og gi livstruende sykdom, som skrapesjuke hos sau, kugalskap og Creutzfeldt-Jakobs sykdom hos mennesker.

“Med skrantesjuke påvist på Hardangervidda og stadig større press fra hyttebygging og annen infrastruktur, er framtidsutsiktene til villreinen ganske dystre for øyeblikket.”

Amerikanske hjortedyrstammer har lenge vært plaget av skrantesjuke, men vi har ikke tidligere påvist sykdommen i Norge. Det første forskerne måtte finne ut, var om smittestoffet kunne ha kommet over Atlanteren. Det var det ikke noe som tydet på. 

– Eksperimenter med poding av smittestoffet på klatremus viser at denne prionstammen er unik for Norge. Den har derfor sannsynligvis oppstått i Langfjella.

Forskerne skiller mellom smittsomme prionsykdommer, som klassisk skrapesjuke hos sau og skrantesjuke hos hjortedyr, og sporadiske prionsykdommer som Creutzfeldt-Jakobs sykdom hos mennesker.

– Det finnes også atypiske varianter av skrantesjuke som kan oppstå spontant i enkeltindivider, såkalt sporadisk prionsykdom. Disse tilfellene smitter normalt ikke videre til andre individer, siden prionene er innkapslet i hjernen. De smittsomme variantene har prioner som går ut i lymfesystemet, og derfor kan de spre prioner ut av kroppen slik at andre individer eksponeres. 

Likner på Ny-Guinea

For å forsøke å forklare hvordan skrantesjuka kan ha oppstått, har Mysterud og kollegene sett til eksotiske strøk, nærmere bestemt verdens nest største øy, Ny-Guinea i Sørøst-Asia. Der ble det påvist at smitteoverføringen av den dødelige prionsykdommen kuru skjedde ved at stammemedlemmer spiste avdødes hjerne som en del av et kannibalsk ritual. 

– De sporadiske prionsykdommene er også overførbare, men det er sjelden det blir eksponering for andre individer, siden disse prionene som nevnt sitter innkapslet i hjernen. 

Kannibalisme er derfor et unntak, siden det gir eksponering og dermed smitteoverføring. 

– Teorien vår er at skrantesjuka kan ha oppstått ved at gevirgnaging har gitt eksponering for prioner fra et individ med sporadisk prionsykdom. Og at det deretter har skjedd en såkalt prionstamme-seleksjon med overgang til en sykdom som spres i lymfesystemet. Det er funnet prioner hos pasienter med Creutzfeldt-Jakobs sykdom hos mennesker i de samme nervebanene som går ut i gevir under vekst. 

Mysterud og kollegene er bekymret for at reinsdyrene på vidda viser kannibalske trekk som kan ha ført til sykdom. 

– Sunne dyr i et godt miljø oppfører seg ikke slik. Dette er enda et faresignal for bestandene av rein i Langfjella. Med skrantesjuke påvist på Hardangervidda og stadig større press fra hyttebygging og annen infrastruktur, er framtidsutsiktene til villreinen ganske dystre for øyeblikket.
 

Av Morten S. Smedsrud

Publisert 25. jan. 2021 09:13  Sist endret 25. jan. 2021 10:05

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