4. December 2024

Våpenet som glapp: Kan betaglukaner du får kjøpt på helsekostbutikken bli et våpen i kampen mot kreft og dødelige infeksjoner? Tatt fra Forskning.no

 

Tatt fra Forskning.no

https://forskning.no/immunforsvaret-om-forskning/kan-betaglukaner-du-far-kjopt-pa-helsekostbutikken-bli-et-vapen-i-kampen-mot-kreft-og-dodelige-infeksjoner/1775047

I 1987 har professor Jan Raa akkurat gjort en oppsiktsvekende oppdagelse. Men veien videre skal bli mye tyngre enn han kan forestille seg. (Foto: Aase Wynn. Norges arktiske universitetsmuseum)

VÅPENET SOM GLAPP:

Kan betaglukaner du får kjøpt på helsekostbutikken bli et våpen i kampen mot kreft og dødelige infeksjoner?

For 40 år siden ser to norske professorer kreftsvulster krympe og forsvinne. De ser forsøksdyr overleve dødelige infeksjoner. Og alt på grunn av et spesielt stoff som finnes i naturen. Men resten av forskningsmiljøet bare trekker på skuldrene. Hvorfor endte stoffet opp på helsekostbutikken, og aldri som et norskutviklet legemiddel?

Ingrid SpildeJOURNALIST

Onsdag 16. desember 2020 – 04:31

Tidlig på 1980-tallet sitter professor Rolf Seljelid og stirrer ut av kontorvinduet ved det nyopprettede Universitetet i Tromsø. Han har falt i dype tanker.

Seljelid er lege og ekspert på sykdommer hos mennesker. Men nå tenker han ikke på folk i det hele tatt.

Han tenker på kråkeboller.

Der ute i Tromsøysundet, som professoren kan se fra vinduet, renner kloakken fra sykehuset ut. Og akkurat i utløpet, i den verste strømmen av bakterier, virus og andre uhumskheter, myldrer det av kråkeboller.

– Det slo meg at de må ha noe som gjør at de ikke blir syke. Noe vi ikke skjønner, forteller Seljelid, som i dag er 86 år og pensjonert for lengst.

Eldgammelt immunsystem

Hva er det som beskytter kråkebollene der ute i kloakken? tenker Seljelid den gangen på 1980-tallet.

Disse dyra mangler jo helt den delen av immunsystemet som kan huske mikrober og gi immunitet, slik vi mennesker får etter sykdommer og infeksjoner. I stedet har kråkebollene bare et urgammelt, medfødt immunforsvar som finnes hos absolutt alle dyr, fra meitemark til menneske.

Men det er åpenbart nok.

Dette gamle immunsystemet er tydeligvis i stand til å gire opp innsatsen slik at kråkebollene ikke bare takler, men faktisk trives i det forurensede vannet.

Hvordan gjør de det? undrer Seljelid.

Og, ikke minst: Er det mulig å gire opp det urgamle immunsystemet i oss mennesker på samme måte, i situasjoner hvor vi trenger det?

Ut ifra kunnskapene sine om biologi, har Seljelid en ide om at visse stoffer i naturen kan tenkes å stimulere det urgamle, medfødte immunsystemet. Det er trolig snakk om polysakkarider, altså langkjedede karbohydrater. Han setter i gang en leteaksjon blant slike stoffer.

Og jammen finner han ikke det han leter etter. Han kommer fram til en spesiell type betaglukan.

Betaglukan

Betaglukaner er stoffer som finnes i celleveggen hos gjær, sopp, bakterier og noen planter. Det finnes haugevis av typer betaglukaner. De har forskjellig struktur på karbohydratkjedene, noe som også gir dem helt ulike kjemiske og biologiske egenskaper.

Et av betaglukanene Seljelid tester – beta-1,3/1,6-glukan – ser virkelig ut til å påvirke det medfødte immunsystemet i vev fra dyr.

Han bestemmer seg for å teste hvordan det virker i levende mus. Kan dette betaglukanet påvirke immunsystemet så mye at det gir en beskyttelse mot en farlig infeksjon?

ANNONSE

Dramatisk effekt

Lill-Tove Rasmussen Busund er i dag professor ved UiT – Norges arktiske universitet og overlege ved Universitetssykehuset i Nord Norge. Men den gangen, tilbake på 1980-tallet, var hun doktorgradsstudent ved Seljelids avdeling.

Hun husker arbeidet med studien svært godt, selv om det skjedde for over 30 år siden.

Busund og de andre forskerne starter med to grupper mus. De sprøyter betaglukan inn i bukhulen på dyra i den ene gruppa. Så smitter de begge gruppene med en dødelig bakterieinfeksjon.

– Det var en dramatisk effekt. Vi så at alle musene som hadde fått betaglukan var like friske. De lekte og spiste. De andre dyra ble dødelig syke og måtte avlives.

– Det gjorde stort inntrykk å ha sett en slik effekt med egne øyne.

Det stopper imidlertid ikke der.

Kan det hjelpe mot kreft?

Seljelid vet ikke hvordan betaglukanet egentlig virker i kroppen til musene. Men betaglukanet har i seg selv ikke har noen bakteriedrepende virkning. Derimot ser det ut til at dyras immunsystem spiller en avgjørende rolle. At kroppens eget forsvar får en større evne til å bekjempe bakteriene, akkurat slik Seljelid mistenker.

Det er viktig. For immunsystemet er involvert i så mye. For eksempel bekjempelse av kreftceller. Det får Seljelid til å lure:

Kan betaglukan også hjelpe mot kreftsvulster?

Rolf Seljelid, fotografert på begynnelsen av 1990-tallet. (Foto: Aase Wynn. Norges arktiske universitetsmuseum)

På dette tidspunktet har forskere begynt å teste ut immunterapi, altså behandling som får kroppens tilpassede immunsystem til å gjenkjenne kreftceller. Seljelid tror virkningen av slik behandling kan bli mye sterkere, dersom man samtidig stimulerer det medfødte immunsystemet med betaglukaner.

ANNONSE

Han drar til USA for å gjøre et nytt forsøk.

Svulstene svinner

Igjen er det mus som må til pers.

Seljelid påfører dem kreftsvulster, som vokser raskt i huden på buken. Noen dager senere får en del av musene betaglukan intravenøst.

Resultatene er like dramatiske som i smitteforsøket.

– Etter bare seks timer hadde svulstene begynt å falle sammen hos mange av musene som fikk betaglukan. 14 dager senere var de borte, forteller Seljelid.

Det er imidlertid viktig at musene får betaglukanet på riktig tidspunkt. Dyr som får stoffet etter sju dager, oppnår den fantastiske effekten. Men musene som får stoffet etter tre dager, får mye mindre virkning. Og de som mottar betaglukan etter 14 dager, får ingen hjelp mot kreften.

Det er også vesentlig at musenes tilpassede immunsystem er med. Altså den delen som stimuleres av vaksiner og immunterapi. Mange år senere skal nettopp kombinasjonen av immunterapi og betaglukaner gi svært lovende resultater i mennesker.

ANNONSE

Tilbake i 1986 publiserer Seljelid de utrolige resultatene på mus i det vitenskapelige tidsskriftet Bioscience Reports.

– Dette er det flotteste jeg har fått til som forsker, forteller han.

Men han ikke den eneste på Universitetet i Tromsø som får til flotte ting med betaglukan.

Bondesønn

Rett ned i gangen for Seljelids kontor, holder professor Jan Raa til.

Men han jobber ikke med medisin. Det er planter og husdyr som er Raas områder.

ANNONSE

Raa er bondesønn. Han ble vitenskapsmann med et sterkt ønske om å bidra med noe som kunne komme gartnere og gårdbrukere til nytte.

Han er på leting etter stoffer som vekker forsvarsreaksjoner hos planter. Kanskje går det an å bruke slike stoffer til å vaksinere planter, slik at de reagerer kraftigere når de senere blir angrepet av sopp eller bakterier?

Raa har funnet fram til noen stoffer som gir stor virkning. Ett av dem er spesielt lovende:

Beta-1,3/1,6-glukan, framstilt av gjærsoppen vi bruker til å heve bakverk.

En urgammel mekanisme?

Det er slett ikke rart at nettopp denne typen betaglukan har en slik virkning. Beta-1,3/1,6-glukan er en viktig del av celleveggen hos mikroorganismer som kan skape sykdom. Derfor er det ikke så overraskende at plantenes immunsystem har utviklet seg til å alarmeres og stimuleres av dette betaglukanet.

Tanken slår Raa: Dette er trolig snakk om svært grunnleggende immunreaksjoner som oppstod tidlig i evolusjonen. Og som kan være universell for mange skapninger.

Ville det samme stoffet også gi en immunreaksjon hos dyr?

Seljelid viser fram forskningsartikkelen fra 1986. Der finnes bilder av den digre svulsten hos dyr som ikke fikk betaglukan. Og bilder av buken til mus som fikk. Der er bare arret igjen etter svulsten som vokste der bare et par uker før. (Foto: Ingrid Spilde)

Raa får Seljelid til å teste ut det spesielle betaglukanet på vev fra dyr. Og resultatet bekrefter mistankene: Betaglukanet som får planter til å reagere, stimulerer også celler fra det urgamle medfødte immunsystemet i dyr.

Kanskje akkurat dette betaglukanet har evnen til å stimulere immunsystemet i mange arter?

Men det er skjebnens hånd og en katastrofe som virkelig skal overbevise ham.

Snek med eget forsøk

– Jeg hadde et prosjekt for det tyske forskningsrådet på den tida, forteller Raa.

Han skal teste om det går an å bruke bakterier og sopp som fôr til oppdrettslaks. Forsøkene blir satt opp i en hall med 18 kar med plass til 250 småfisk i hvert.

Samtidig er Raa personlig opptatt av et grunnleggende problem rundt fiskevaksiner. Nemlig at det stadig kommer nye sykdommer. Dermed er vi bakpå og strever med å utvikle vaksiner fort nok.

– Jeg tenkte: Det vi trenger, er noe som øker motstandskraften mot alle sykdommer.

Og Raa har jo nettopp funnet et stoff som han tror kan virke slik: det spesielle betaglukanet. Nå kan han ikke dy seg.

Forsøket han skal kjøre for tyskerne tar opp 15 kar med fisk. Da er det tre igjen som egentlig ikke skal brukes i forsøket. Der kjører Raa sitt eget lille prosjekt.

Han produserer en liten mengde renfremstilt betaglukan av bakegjær. Akkurat nok til å blande inn ett gram betaglukan per kilo fôr, som han gir til laksene i de tre karene.

Så inntreffer katastrofen.

Alle dør!

– En morgen klokka sju ringer teknikeren og sier at det er krise, forteller Raa.

Ved en feiltagelse er det blitt hentet inn vann fra sjøen utenfor. Og på et oppdrettsanlegg like i nærheten har det brutt ut hitrasyke, en bakteriesykdom som er svært dødelig for laksen. Nå ser det ut til at forsøksanlegget er blitt infisert.

Fisken dør i hopetall i alle karene, forteller teknikeren.

I alle, bortsett fra tre.

Raa hiver seg i bilen. På anlegget tar de prøver og registrerer og merker alt. Prøvene viser at alle de 18 karene ganske riktig er infisert av hitrasyken. I de 15 karene som hører til det tyske fôringsforsøket, har 80 til 90 prosent av fisken dødd.

Men i de tre karene hvor fisken har fått betaglukan, har bare 20 prosent strøket med.

På grunn av tilfeldigheter og en katastrofal hendelse, hadde Raa altså gjennomført et gigantisk smitteforsøk som det aldri ville vært mulig å få tillatelse til under vanlige omstendigheter.

– Jeg skjønte at jeg hadde gjort en stor oppdagelse.

Hendelsen resulterte i flere kontrollerte smitteforsøk som bekreftet observasjonen, forteller Raa.

Ønskedrøm

To professorer i Tromsø har altså uavhengig av hverandre snust opp et stoff fra naturen som ser ut til å ha en grunnleggende innvirkning på immunsystemet til både planter, fisk og pattedyr.

Stoffet kan lages av noe så enkelt og billig som bakegjær, og ser ut til å være trygt å ta.

Det høres unektelig ut som en ønskedrøm for forsknings-Norge. Hvis dette holder stikk, kan videre forskning i beste fall gi nye medisiner mot kreft og farlige infeksjoner.

Man skulle kanskje tro interessen ville eksplodere i fagmiljøer innen medisin og veterinærmedisin.

Men historien tar en helt annen vending.

Det skal faktisk ta flere tiår før vestlige forskningsmiljøer igjen fatter virkelig interesse for betaglukaner. Og da står ikke norske forskere lenger i spissen.

Gjespet og gikk

Seljelid kan selv gjøre studier på dyr. Han publiserer flere artikler fra studier som bekrefter at betaglukaner kan hemme utviklingen av kreft hos mus, og som sier mer om de mulige mekanismene bak den tilsynelatende oppsiktsvekkende virkningen på immunsystemet.

Raa lener seg på utstyret i en forsøkshall hvor han og kollegaene oppskalerte produksjon av biologiske produkter fra laboratorieskala til halvindustriell skala (Foto: Kjellaug Lindvåg. Norges arktiske universitetsmuseum)

Men professoren kan ikke teste betaglukaner på mennesker. Da må det settes opp kliniske forsøk med hjelp fra forskere som er tilknyttet pasientbehandling på sykehusene.

I årene som følger, presenterer Seljelid funnene sine for mange klinikere.

– Jeg prøvde å knegå norske klinikere på kreft, for å få dem til å gjøre studier, forteller han.

Men interessen er laber.

– Det hjalp ikke at jeg viste dem dokumentasjonen. De bare gjespet og gikk.

Etter mange år og utallige forsøk på å overtale fagfolk, gir han opp.

– Jeg forsket ikke på betaglukaner etter 1990-tallet. Jeg mener fortsatt at det er fantastisk interessant, men jeg kunne ikke bidra med mer.

Hvorfor stopper det opp, etter en så lovende begynnelse?

Blir til kosttilskudd og dyrefôr

Raa, på sin side, støter på de samme reaksjonene i forskningsmiljøene.

– Både Seljelid og jeg har opplevd hvor ekstremt vanskelig det er å få gehør for disse tingene.

Men i motsetning til Seljelid tar Raa en annen vei forover.

– Mitt utgangspunkt for å være på universitetet, var at jeg ville forske fram noe som kunne brukes.

– Jeg sluttet som professor i 1987 for å konsentrere meg om å utvikle industri.

Raa utvikler flere produkter, basert på det spesielle betaglukanet. Et farmasøytisk produkt som holder legemiddelkvalitet. Et kosttilskudd som fortsatt selges på helsekostbutikker i Norge og andre land. Og ikke minst et tilskudd til bruk i dyrefôr.

Samme stoff i kosttilskudd, farmasøytisk produkt og dyrefôr

Alle disse produktene er basert på det samme stoffet: beta-1,3//1,6-glukan.

Det farmasøytiske produktet er vannløselig og kan tas på flere forskjellige måter, både igjennom munnen og ved injeksjoner. Kosttilskuddet, på sin side, er uløselig og kan bare tas gjennom munnen.

Tar du stoffene igjennom munnen, vil imidlertid begge ha samme virkning, ifølge Seljelid.

Han og Raa forteller at de selv har brukt kosttilskuddet daglig i mange år.

Produktet for dyr brukes i dag av oppdrettere over hele verden, til reker, fisk, fjærkre, gris, kalv, hest og til og med kameler.

Fisler ut

Suksessen med dyrefôr gir penger nok til at Raa etter hvert kan bygge opp et stort apparat med mange fagfolk og ressurser.

Det bruker han blant annet for å gjøre mer forskning på betaglukaner, for å dokumentere effekt hos forsøksdyr og mennesker, og å finne ut mer om mekanismene bak virkningen. Han har ikke gitt opp tanken på at betaglukan også kan hjelpe mennesker.

I Norge blir det satt i gang noen studier ved universitetene, som oftest med Raa og selskapet han startet som pådriver. En test på kreft her, og en studie på influensa der.

Men de fleste av dem er fase I-studier. Dette er studier med bare noen få deltagere, hvor hensikten er å avgjøre om stoffet er trygt å ta for pasientgruppen. Slike studier er for små til å si noe klart om en sykdomsbeskyttende effekt.

Og så fisler det ut. Ingen større fagmiljøer tar skikkelig tak i saken. forskning.no har forsøkt å finne ut hvorfor.

Virket det ikke på mennesker?

Hadde stoffet kanskje ikke noen virkning på mennesker, da forskerne begynte å studere saken nøyere?

Året er 1990. Seljelid forsøker forgjeves å få kreftforskere til å sette opp kliniske studier for å teste om den fantastiske effekten på dyr også gjelder for mennesker. (Foto: Aase Wynn. Norges arktiske universitetsmuseum)

Mus er tross alt ikke menn, og innen medisinsk forskning er det slett ikke uvanlig at dramatiske resultater fra dyr ikke innfrir forhåpningene når de testes på folk.

Flere betaglukan-studier på mennesker viste ikke like stor virkning som dyrestudiene

– Jeg tror effekten først og fremst er moderat, sier Gustav Lehne, som i dag er overlege på Seksjon for lymfom og indremedisin ved Oslo universitetssykehus.

Rundt årtusenskiftet ledet han en liten studie der betaglukan ble testet på mennesker med lymfom, kreft i lymfesystemet. Resultatene viste at behandlingen var trygg, men hadde for få deltagere til å kunne si noe sikkert om effekten.

Men selv om mange av studiene som finnes på mennesker ikke har like dramatisk effekt som dyrestudiene, gir de heller ikke grunn til å konkludere med at stoffet er uvirksomt.

Det finnes flere studier som viser en klar virkning i mennesker.

– Vil bevege seg fra kosttilskudd til legemiddel

Interessen for betaglukaner stiger nå internasjonalt.

Forskere over hele verden studerer nå betaglukaner fra ulike kilder og deres effekter på immunsystemet og kreft.

Og flere forskergrupper har forsøkt å samle det som finnes av data. I 2019 skrev amerikanske forskere, i det vitenskapelige tidsskriftet Molecules:

– Spørsmålet er ikke om betaglukaner vil bevege seg fra kosttilskudd til et allment akseptert legemiddel, men når.

Senere samme skrev spanske forskere i tidsskriftet Cancers at studiene som er gjort til nå tyder på at betaglukaner kan spille en vesentlig rolle i framtidas kreftbehandling.

I juli 2020 skrev amerikanske forskere at betaglukaner kanskje kan bidra mot covid-19:

Mye data tilsier at betaglukaner kan være en effektiv, billig og trygg måte å hjelpe immunsystemet med å takle covid-19, skrev de i Frontiers in Immunology.

Kreft-senter søker patent

Og ikke minst, så er det patentetsøknaden til Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center I New York – det største og eldste kreftforskningssenteret i verden.

Forskere der har de siste tiåra studert kombinasjonen av betaglukaner og kreftvaksiner på barn med alvorlig nevroblastom, en type kreft i nervesystemet. Det er det norskutviklede betaglukanet fra bakegjær pasientene spiser.

I dag er betaglukanet som Raa og Seljelid fant en bestanddel i mange typer dyrefôr, som pellets til fisk. (Foto: tanakornsar / Shutterstock / NTB)

– Vi tok kontakt etter at de publiserte en studie som viste klar effekt av et betaglukan på mus i 2002, forteller Rolf Engstad. Han er forskningsdirektør ved Biotech Pharmacon, som produserer et farmasøytisk produkt basert på Raas betaglukan.

Engstad har vært sentral i prosessen med å utvikle den farmasøytiske varianten av betaglukan, som Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre nå tester som tilskudd for å forsterke effekten av kreftvaksiner.

– De har nå veldig lovende resultater, sier han.

Statistikken tilsier at bare 40 til 50 prosent av nevroblastompasientene er i live etter fem år med dagens behandling. Men mange flere av pasientene som har fått kombinasjonen av betaglukan og kreftvaksine lever fortsatt.

– 90 prosent lever

Det amerikanske kreftsenteret har nå gående en større undersøkelser med flere deltagere. De rekrutterer også pasienter til en randomisert studie, der forskerne kan sammenligne pasienter som får ulik behandling.

– Vi vet for eksempel ikke hvor stor rolle vaksinen og betaglukanene spiller individuelt, sier Engstad.

Seljelid, som har jevnlig kontakt med kreftsenteret, har fått referert de seneste resultatene på en forskerkongress.

– De har jobbet i årevis med en vaksine, som har en liten effekt. Men med vaksinen pluss betaglukan lever rundt 90 prosent av barna etter fem år. Det er helt sensasjonelt, sier han.

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center har nå søkt et bredt patent på denne typen bruk av beta-1,3/1,6-glukan. Ikke bare i behandling mot en rekke krefttyper, men også til bruk med vaksiner mot influensa og andre infeksjoner.

Mot læreboka

Det begynner altså å dukke opp flere resultater som peker mot at Seljelid og Raas forskning på 1980-tallet kan bli viktig, også for mennesker.

Men hvorfor har det tatt så lang tid? Og hvorfor var det ingen av de norske fagfolkene som så potensialet?

Raa og Seljelid tror det handler om forskere som ikke har klart å løfte blikket fra læreboka. Ifølge læreboka skal betaglukan nemlig ikke ha noen virkning.

Grunnen er enkel: Stoffet tas rett og slett ikke opp i kroppen.

I noen av forsøkene som er gjort med dyr, har forskerne sprøytet betaglukan rett inn i kroppen. Men i de fleste husdyrforsøk og studier på mennesker, gis betaglukanene igjennom munnen.

Når man spiser medikamenter på denne måten, er planen vanligvis at stoffet skal tas opp igjennom tarmveggene og fordeles utover i kroppen.

Problemet med betaglukaner, er imidlertid at kroppen ikke tar dem opp. De suser bare tvers igjennom og kommer ut igjen på andre sida. Målinger har for eksempel vist at nesten ingenting av stoffet kommer inn i blodet.

– Dette kan ikke ha effekt

Raa har ikke tall på hvor mange ganger han har hørt denne innvendingen.

– Alle sa det var umulig. Når det ikke tas opp i kroppen, da kunne det ikke virke.

– Men jeg må forholde meg til fakta. Om ikke fakta stemmer med læreboka, må læreboka skrives om, sier Raa.

Raa har gjort flere forsøk på å finne ut hva som skjer når betaglukanet kommer i kontakt med immuncellene i tarmen.

Anders Sandvik, som i dag er rådgiver i legemiddelfirmaet Abbvie, gjorde en doktorgrad på akkurat dette.

Vanskelig å finne ut hvorfor det virker

– På det tidspunktet var det et fagmiljø på Rikshospitalet som var ledende på immunforsvaret i slimhinnene og tarmen, sier Sandvik.

Raa tok kontakt og lurte på om de kunne finne ut hva som skjer med betaglukanet etter at vi spiser det. Resultatet var at Sandvik undersøkte dette i doktorgradsarbeidet sitt.

Hans undersøkelser viste at betaglukan beskyttet forsøksdyr mot blodforgiftning og tarmbetennelser.

Men heller ikke Sandvik klarte å finne svar på hvorfor.

Flere forskere tror i dag at stoffet kan påvirke immunsystemet vårt ved å stimulere immunceller i tarmveggen, uten å trenge inn i kroppen. De siste åras forskning har vist at slimhinnene i tarmen er en svært viktig del av immunsystemet.

Ingen interesse for medfødt immunitet

– Jeg tror Seljelid og Raa har rett i at andre forskere viste manglende interesse, sier Engstad fra Biotec Pharmacon.

– Det gjaldt for alle som jobbet med forskning på det medfødte immunsystemet på 1980- og 90-tallet. På det tidspunktet ble det medfødte immunforsvaret bare kalt uspesifikk immunitet.

Navnet reflekterer en oppfatning av at denne urgamle delen av immunforsvaret var et primitivt system uten evne til å lære eller tilpasse seg. Det leverte bare den samme responsen, uansett hva det støtte på og uavhengig av om det hadde bekjempet dette smittestoffet før.

Det var dermed ikke like spennende som det tilpassede immunsystemet som høyere organismer har. Altså den delen av immunforsvaret som lærer seg å kjenne igjen sykdommer og gjør oss immune.

Både midler og status i forskningsmiljøene var knyttet til det tilpassede immunsystemet.

Men de senere åras forskning har vist at det gamle synet på medfødt immunitet ikke stemmer.

Studier har tvert imot vist at dette systemet også kan læres opp og stimuleres, slik at det er bedre rustet til senere utfordringer.

I tillegg har det vist seg at det medfødte immunsystemet spiller en avgjørende rolle for at det tilpassede immunsystemet skal fungere.

Geir Hetland ved Oslo universitetssykehus har selv forsket på betaglukaner. Han bekrefter at interessen for det medfødte immunsystemet ikke har vært så stor.

– Nei, det har nok ikke vært det hotteste forskningsområdet, sier han.

Svimlende kostnader

Så, er det slik at Norge og verden har tapt mye tid på skepsis og manglende interesse?

– Det har gått sakte i forhold til potensialet, sier Hetland.

Han er imidlertid ikke sikker på at vi uansett hadde klart å utvikle betaglukaner til et stort legemiddel her i landet.

Veien fra de første museforsøkene til medisiner på apoteket er lang og ofte kronglet. Og kostnadene kan være svimlende.

Gustav Lehne tror også tidspunktet kan ha spilt en rolle. På 1980-tallet var det lite oppmerksomhet på kommersialisering av forskning i Norge.

Firmaet som Raa i sin tid grunnla hadde satset tungt på utviklingen av en krem med betaglukaner, som kunne få diabetes-sår til å gro raskere.

De satte i gang en fase III studie der kremen ble testet ut på pasienter. Men forsøket feilet. Det viste seg at kremen som betaglukanene satt i ikke var stabil. Dermed mistet den effekten etter hvert.

– Men dette oppdaget vi ikke før etterpå, sier Engstad fra Biotec Pharmacon.

En slik hendelse ville knapt påvirke et stort legemiddelfirma, men for Biotec Pharmacon betydde det et stort tilbakeslag. Etter hvert klarte det norske firmaet likevel å finne løsning på problemene med stabiliteten, og fikk i 2015 godkjent en betaglukan-salve til kroniske sår.

Godt dokumentert i husdyrceller

I dag, 40 år etter at Raa og Seljelid så et stoff fra naturen redde mus og fisk fra den sikre død, er det fortsatt vanskelig å gi noe sikkert svar på hvilken rolle betaglukaner kommer til å spille.

Innen oppdrett og landbruk er det liten tvil om at beta-1,3/1,6-glukan virker sykdomsbeskyttende.

– Det er svært godt dokumentert at dette betaglukanet aktiverer det medfødte immunforsvaret, bekrefter forsker Paul Midtlyng fra NMBU, som har jobbet med betaglukan i fôr i mange år.

– De fleste studiene er gjort på celler, fordi dette er enkelt og rimelig å få til.

Midtlyng presiserer likevel at det kunne trenges mer publisert forskning fra eksperimenter der dyr får betaglukan, og så smittes av spesifikke sykdommer. Her er ikke dokumentasjonen like omfattende som på celler.

– Men det finnes også smitteforsøk som viser at betaglukan gir en ekstra beskyttelse mot sykdom hos laks, sier Midtlyng, som gjorde en oppsummering av forskningen på feltet i 2012.

Upubliserte forsøk

I tillegg har fôrprodusenter gjort sine egne forsøk. Men slike resultater blir ofte ikke publisert i vitenskapelige tidsskrifter. I stedet ligger de i produktdokumentasjon og patentsøknader.

Dette bekrefter Rolf Nordmo, veterinær og tidligere administrerende direktør i Biotec Animal Health and Nutrition, som produserte betaglukaner for fôr.

– Dessverre blir mye ikke publisert. Selskapene kjører forskning for å få markedsdata som kan overbevise kunden.

Når det gjelder mennesker, er saken imidlertid mer usikker.

– Har potensiale, men er ikke et vidundermiddel

– Jeg tror det har potensiale. Det er ikke noen grunn til å tvile på at det er en effekt, sier Sandvik fra legemiddelfirmaet Abbvie.

Han tror ikke at betaglukaner er noe vidundermiddel.

– Det er mange nok forskere som har forsket på betaglukaner til at vi ville oppdaget det, dersom det var en mirakelkur for alt det er foreslått brukt mot.

Skummelt om folk tror gjær kan brukes mot kreft

Førsteamanuensis Anne Berit Samuelsen fra Farmasøytisk institutt ved Universitetet i Oslo forsker også på helseeffekten av betaglukaner fra sopp. Hun mener vi fortsatt ikke kan si noe sikkert om effekten av betaglukaner på mennesker.

– De kliniske studiene er ikke entydige og de er ofte av dårlige kvalitet, sier hun. Ifølge det vi vet i dag er det for eksempel ikke snakk om overbevisende store effekter på luftveisinfeksjoner hos mennesker.

Mange studier viser at betaglukan har en effekt på mus og andre dyr. Men det er vanskelig å finne ut hvorfor og hvordan stoffet virker. (Foto: unoL / Shutterstock / NTB)

– Det er viktig at det forskes på hvordan beta-glukaner kan påvirke kreft.

Samuelsen understreker at spesielt er en mulig forsterkende effekt på kreftvaksiner som er aktuelt. Altså at betaglukaner i kombinasjon med vaksiner gir en sterkere immunreaksjon mot kreften.

– Her har kunnskapen om mulige virkemåter økt de siste årene, men det er få tilgjengelige kliniske studier, ifølge Samuelsen.

– Men jeg tenker det er skummelt dersom folk tror at kapslene du får i helsekostbutikken eller gjær du har i kjøkkenskapet kan brukes mot kreft, sier hun.

Forvirring rundt ulike betaglukaner

Raa, på sin side, mener de sprikende resultatene i studiene på mennesker skyldes at ulike forskningsgrupper ofte har brukt helt forskjellige betaglukaner, lbant annet varianter som ikke kan ha noen virkning.

– Jeg har i årevis forsøkt å forklare skeptikere at det er bare en bestemt kjemisk struktur som virker, nemlig den som i kjemispråket kalles beta-1,3/1,6-glukan. Det er den som «gjenkjennes» av dyr og planter som faresignaler som utløser immunologiske forsvarsreaksjoner.

Da Raa for eksempel studerte betaglukan fra ølgjær, en annen underart av gjærsopp, viste det seg at dette stoffe ikke hadde samme effekten.

– Det har vært fortvilende å erfare at alt som med rette kan betegnes som betaglukan sauses sammen i en hatt. Papir er også et betaglukan, sier Raa.

Kompliserte stoffer

Illuatrasjonen viser T-celler som angriper en kreftcelle. T-cellene hører til det spesifikke immunsystemet, men det er slett ikke bare denne delen av immunsystemet som er viktig. (Illustrasjon: SciePro / Shutterstock / NTB)

Samuelsen fra Farmasøytisk institutt bekrefter at betaglukaner er vanskelig å studere.

De består av kompliserte, forgrenede molekyler, med ulik størrelse, type bindinger, antall forgreninger og lengde på sidekjedene. Strukturen varierer, avhengig av hvor molekylene er hentet fra og hvordan de er isolert.

Disse faktorene påvirker betaglukanets egenskaper, og hvordan de virker på celler, dyr og mennesker.

– Stoffene er dessuten infiltrert med andre forbindelser og krevende å isolere. Manglende renhet kan medføre usikkerhet i hvilke komponenter det er som forårsaker en effekt, sier Samuelsen.

– Det viktigste er at 50 unge fortsatt lever

Nå, 40 år etter at Seljelid så svulstene krympe i forsøksmusene, er den pensjonerte professoren glad for at forskere i andre land tar opp tråden. Han er stadig i kontakt med Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, som nå altså søker patent på bruken av stoffet Seljelid og Raa en gang oppdaget.

– Det som er viktig for meg er at 50 unge med nevroblastom fortsatt er i live, sier han.

Likevel er han oppgitt over mentaliteten han har møtt blant norske forskningsmiljøer.

– Både Jan og jeg har slåss mye. Derfor er vi gode venner. Vi har opplevd en utrolig mangel på åpenhet og evne til å forstå nye ideer.

For bare noen få måneder siden tok Seljelid kontakt med Folkehelseinstituttet med et innspill om å teste om betaglukan kan forebygge alvorlig covid-19-sykdom hos sårbare grupper.

Raa gjorde noe lignende.

– Bakgrunnen for henvendelsen er studier vi fikk utført ved Folkehelseinstituttet, som viste at beta-1,3/1,6-glukan førte til kraftig økning i T-celler som beskytter meget effektivt mot influensavirus.

De har også sendt innspill til myndighetene om å undersøke om dette betaglukanet kan forebygge influensasykdom, for eksempel på sykehjem. Det har aldri kommet noe svar.

Men Raa tar også dette videre et annet sted. Denne gangen med partnere i EU.

Litt skuffa

– Vi har nå fått klarsignal til en klinisk studie på aldershjem, av betaglukan mot influensa og covid-19. Jeg hadde et ønske om at dette skulle være en studie i Norge, sier Raa.

Han blir litt skuffa. Men ikke bitter. Raa finner trøst i annen forskning og produktutvikling han står bak.

Firmaet ArcticZymes i Tromsø lager enzymer som nå brukes i diagnostikk av koronaviruset og produksjon av nye vaksiner for sykdommen. I de siste månedene har selskapet gått til himmels på børsen, og er nå en av de mest verdifulle bedriftene i Nord-Norge.

I dag har Raa formue i form av aksjer i selskapene han har bidratt til å utvikle.

Den gir muligheter til å egenfinansiere grunnforskning og utvikling av nye produkter, uten å være avhengig av offentlig finansiering. Den 81 år gamle professoren, gründeren og oppfinneren er nemlig ikke ferdig.

Han har nye prosjekter på gang.

I dag produseres betaglukan med dette utstyret. (Foto: Jan Raa)

Beta-1,3/1,6-glukan finnes i celleveggen til vanslig bakegjær. På bildet ser du gjærceller sterkt forstørret. Det finnes også betaglukaner i mange andre sopper og planter, men dette er andre typer betaglukan med andre biologiske effekter. (Foto: Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy, tilgjengeliggjort av Wikimedia Commons)

Jan Raa er ikke bitter. Men han er temmelig oppgitt over mangelen på interesse og nysgjerrighet i norske forskningsmiljøer. (Foto: Ola Gamst Sæther)

2,412 thoughts on “Våpenet som glapp: Kan betaglukaner du får kjøpt på helsekostbutikken bli et våpen i kampen mot kreft og dødelige infeksjoner? Tatt fra Forskning.no

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  107. Ünlülerin tercih ettiği medyum hocamıza dilediğiniz zaman ulaşabilirsiniz, medyum haluk hocamız sizlerin daimi yanında olacaktır.

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  109. Birincisi güvenilir medyum hocaları bulmak olacaktır, ikinci seçenek ise en iyi medyumları bulmak olacaktır, siz hangisini seçerdiniz.

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  208. オンラインカジノとオンラインギャンブルの現代的展開
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    一方で、オンラインギャンブルは、より広範な概念であり、スポーツベッティング、宝くじ、バーチャルスポーツ、そしてオンラインカジノゲームまでを含んでいます。インターネットとモバイルテクノロジーの普及により、オンラインギャンブルは世界中で大きな人気を博しています。オンラインプラットフォームは、伝統的な賭博施設に比べて、より多様なゲーム選択、便利なアクセス、そしてしばしば魅力的なボーナスやプロモーションを提供しています。

    安全性と規制
    オンラインカジノとオンラインギャンブルの世界では、安全性と規制が非常に重要です。多くの国々では、オンラインギャンブルを規制する法律があり、安全なプレイ環境を確保するためのライセンスシステムを設けています。これにより、不正行為や詐欺からプレイヤーを守るとともに、責任ある賭博の促進が図られています。

    技術の進歩
    最新のテクノロジーは、オンラインカジノとオンラインギャンブルの体験を一層豊かにしています。例えば、仮想現実(VR)技術の使用は、プレイヤーに没入型のギャンブル体験を提供し、実際のカジノにいるかのような感覚を生み出しています。また、ブロックチェーン技術の導入は、より透明で安全な取引を可能にし、プレイヤーの信頼を高めています。

    未来への展望
    オンラインカジノとオンラインギャンブルは、今後も技術の進歩とともに進化し続けるでしょう。人工知能(AI)の更なる統合、モバイル技術の発展、さらには新しいゲームの創造により、この分野は引き続き成長し、世界中のプレイヤーに新しい娯楽の形を提供し続けることでしょう。

    この記事では、オンラインカジノとオンラインギャンブルの現状、安全性、技術の影響、そして将来の展望に焦点を当てています。この分野は、技術革新によって絶えず変化し続ける魅力的な領域です。

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  240. 民意調查是什麼?民調什麼意思?
    民意調查又稱為輿論調查或民意測驗,簡稱民調。一般而言,民調是一種為了解公眾對某些政治、社會問題與政策的意見和態度,由專業民調公司或媒體進行的調查方法。

    目的在於通過網路、電話、或書面等媒介,對大量樣本的問卷調查抽樣,利用統計學的抽樣理論來推斷較為客觀,且能較為精確地推論社會輿論或民意動向的一種方法。
    以下是民意調查的一些基本特點和重要性:

    抽樣:由於不可能向每一個人詢問意見,所以調查者會選擇一個代表性的樣本進行調查。這樣本的大小和抽樣方法都會影響調查的準確性和可靠性。
    問卷設計:為了確保獲得可靠的結果,問卷必須經過精心設計,問題要清晰、不帶偏見,且易於理解。
    數據分析:收集到的數據將被分析以得出結論。這可能包括計算百分比、平均值、標準差等,以及更複雜的統計分析。
    多種用途:民意調查可以用於各種目的,包括政策制定、選舉預測、市場研究、社會科學研究等。
    限制:雖然民意調查是一個有價值的工具,但它也有其限制。例如,樣本可能不完全代表目標人群,或者問卷的設計可能導致偏見。
    影響決策:民意調查的結果常常被政府、企業和其他組織用來影響其決策。
    透明度和誠實:為了維護調查的可信度,調查組織應該提供其調查方法、樣本大小、抽樣方法和可能的誤差範圍等詳細資訊。
    民調是怎麼調查的?
    民意調查(輿論調查)的意義是指為瞭解大多數民眾的看法、意見、利益與需求,以科學、系統與公正的資料,蒐集可以代表全部群眾(母體)的部分群眾(抽樣),設計問卷題目後,以人工或電腦詢問部分民眾對特定議題的看法與評價,利用抽樣出來部分民眾的意見與看法,來推論目前全部民眾的意見與看法,藉以衡量社會與政治的狀態。

    以下是進行民調調查的基本步驟:

    定義目標和目的:首先,調查者需要明確調查的目的。是要了解公眾對某個政策的看法?還是要評估某個政治候選人的支持率?
    設計問卷:根據調查目的,研究者會設計一份問卷。問卷應該包含清晰、不帶偏見的問題,並避免導向性的語言。
    選擇樣本:因為通常不可能調查所有人,所以會選擇一部分人作為代表。這部分人被稱為“樣本”。最理想的情況是使用隨機抽樣,以確保每個人都有被選中的機會。
    收集數據:有多種方法可以收集數據,如面對面訪問、電話訪問、郵件調查或在線調查。
    數據分析:一旦數據被收集,研究者會使用統計工具和技術進行分析,得出結論或洞見。
    報告結果:分析完數據後,研究者會編寫報告或發布結果。報告通常會提供調查方法、樣本大小、誤差範圍和主要發現。
    解釋誤差範圍:多數民調報告都會提供誤差範圍,例如“±3%”。這表示實際的結果有可能在報告結果的3%範圍內上下浮動。
    民調調查的質量和可信度很大程度上取決於其設計和實施的方法。若是由專業和無偏見的組織進行,且使用科學的方法,那麼民調結果往往較為可靠。但即使是最高質量的民調也會有一定的誤差,因此解讀時應保持批判性思考。

    為什麼要做民調?
    民調提供了一種系統性的方式來了解大眾的意見、態度和信念。進行民調的原因多種多樣,以下是一些主要的動機:

    政策制定和評估:政府和政策制定者進行民調,以了解公眾對某一議題或政策的看法。這有助於制定或調整政策,以反映大眾的需求和意見。
    選舉和政治活動:政黨和候選人通常使用民調來評估自己在選舉中的地位,了解哪些議題對選民最重要,以及如何調整策略以吸引更多支持。
    市場研究:企業和組織進行民調以了解消費者對產品、服務或品牌的態度,從而制定或調整市場策略。
    社會科學研究:學者和研究者使用民調來了解人們的社會、文化和心理特征,以及其與行為的關係。
    公眾與媒體的期望:民調提供了一種方式,使公眾、政府和企業得以了解社會的整體趨勢和態度。媒體也經常報導民調結果,提供公眾對當前議題的見解。
    提供反饋和評估:無論是企業還是政府,都可以透過民調了解其表現、服務或政策的效果,並根據反饋進行改進。
    預測和趨勢分析:民調可以幫助預測某些趨勢或行為的未來發展,如選舉結果、市場需求等。
    教育和提高公眾意識:通過進行和公布民調,可以促使公眾對某一議題或問題有更深入的了解和討論。

    民調可信嗎?
    民意調查的結果數據隨處可見,尤其是政治性民調結果幾乎可說是天天在新聞上放送,對總統的滿意度下降了多少百分比,然而大家又信多少?

    在景美市場的訪問中,我們了解到民眾對民調有一些普遍的觀點。大多數受訪者表示,他們對民調的可信度存有疑慮,主要原因是他們擔心政府可能會在調查中進行操控,以符合特定政治目標。

    受訪者還提到,民意調查的結果通常不會對他們的投票意願產生影響。換句話說,他們的選擇通常受到更多因素的影響,例如候選人的政策立場和政府做事的認真與否,而不是單純依賴民調結果。

    從訪問中我們可以得出的結論是,大多數民眾對民調持謹慎態度,並認為它們對他們的投票決策影響有限。

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  251. 民意調查是什麼?民調什麼意思?
    民意調查又稱為輿論調查或民意測驗,簡稱民調。一般而言,民調是一種為了解公眾對某些政治、社會問題與政策的意見和態度,由專業民調公司或媒體進行的調查方法。

    目的在於通過網路、電話、或書面等媒介,對大量樣本的問卷調查抽樣,利用統計學的抽樣理論來推斷較為客觀,且能較為精確地推論社會輿論或民意動向的一種方法。
    以下是民意調查的一些基本特點和重要性:

    抽樣:由於不可能向每一個人詢問意見,所以調查者會選擇一個代表性的樣本進行調查。這樣本的大小和抽樣方法都會影響調查的準確性和可靠性。
    問卷設計:為了確保獲得可靠的結果,問卷必須經過精心設計,問題要清晰、不帶偏見,且易於理解。
    數據分析:收集到的數據將被分析以得出結論。這可能包括計算百分比、平均值、標準差等,以及更複雜的統計分析。
    多種用途:民意調查可以用於各種目的,包括政策制定、選舉預測、市場研究、社會科學研究等。
    限制:雖然民意調查是一個有價值的工具,但它也有其限制。例如,樣本可能不完全代表目標人群,或者問卷的設計可能導致偏見。
    影響決策:民意調查的結果常常被政府、企業和其他組織用來影響其決策。
    透明度和誠實:為了維護調查的可信度,調查組織應該提供其調查方法、樣本大小、抽樣方法和可能的誤差範圍等詳細資訊。
    民調是怎麼調查的?
    民意調查(輿論調查)的意義是指為瞭解大多數民眾的看法、意見、利益與需求,以科學、系統與公正的資料,蒐集可以代表全部群眾(母體)的部分群眾(抽樣),設計問卷題目後,以人工或電腦詢問部分民眾對特定議題的看法與評價,利用抽樣出來部分民眾的意見與看法,來推論目前全部民眾的意見與看法,藉以衡量社會與政治的狀態。

    以下是進行民調調查的基本步驟:

    定義目標和目的:首先,調查者需要明確調查的目的。是要了解公眾對某個政策的看法?還是要評估某個政治候選人的支持率?
    設計問卷:根據調查目的,研究者會設計一份問卷。問卷應該包含清晰、不帶偏見的問題,並避免導向性的語言。
    選擇樣本:因為通常不可能調查所有人,所以會選擇一部分人作為代表。這部分人被稱為“樣本”。最理想的情況是使用隨機抽樣,以確保每個人都有被選中的機會。
    收集數據:有多種方法可以收集數據,如面對面訪問、電話訪問、郵件調查或在線調查。
    數據分析:一旦數據被收集,研究者會使用統計工具和技術進行分析,得出結論或洞見。
    報告結果:分析完數據後,研究者會編寫報告或發布結果。報告通常會提供調查方法、樣本大小、誤差範圍和主要發現。
    解釋誤差範圍:多數民調報告都會提供誤差範圍,例如“±3%”。這表示實際的結果有可能在報告結果的3%範圍內上下浮動。
    民調調查的質量和可信度很大程度上取決於其設計和實施的方法。若是由專業和無偏見的組織進行,且使用科學的方法,那麼民調結果往往較為可靠。但即使是最高質量的民調也會有一定的誤差,因此解讀時應保持批判性思考。

    為什麼要做民調?
    民調提供了一種系統性的方式來了解大眾的意見、態度和信念。進行民調的原因多種多樣,以下是一些主要的動機:

    政策制定和評估:政府和政策制定者進行民調,以了解公眾對某一議題或政策的看法。這有助於制定或調整政策,以反映大眾的需求和意見。
    選舉和政治活動:政黨和候選人通常使用民調來評估自己在選舉中的地位,了解哪些議題對選民最重要,以及如何調整策略以吸引更多支持。
    市場研究:企業和組織進行民調以了解消費者對產品、服務或品牌的態度,從而制定或調整市場策略。
    社會科學研究:學者和研究者使用民調來了解人們的社會、文化和心理特征,以及其與行為的關係。
    公眾與媒體的期望:民調提供了一種方式,使公眾、政府和企業得以了解社會的整體趨勢和態度。媒體也經常報導民調結果,提供公眾對當前議題的見解。
    提供反饋和評估:無論是企業還是政府,都可以透過民調了解其表現、服務或政策的效果,並根據反饋進行改進。
    預測和趨勢分析:民調可以幫助預測某些趨勢或行為的未來發展,如選舉結果、市場需求等。
    教育和提高公眾意識:通過進行和公布民調,可以促使公眾對某一議題或問題有更深入的了解和討論。

    民調可信嗎?
    民意調查的結果數據隨處可見,尤其是政治性民調結果幾乎可說是天天在新聞上放送,對總統的滿意度下降了多少百分比,然而大家又信多少?

    在景美市場的訪問中,我們了解到民眾對民調有一些普遍的觀點。大多數受訪者表示,他們對民調的可信度存有疑慮,主要原因是他們擔心政府可能會在調查中進行操控,以符合特定政治目標。

    受訪者還提到,民意調查的結果通常不會對他們的投票意願產生影響。換句話說,他們的選擇通常受到更多因素的影響,例如候選人的政策立場和政府做事的認真與否,而不是單純依賴民調結果。

    從訪問中我們可以得出的結論是,大多數民眾對民調持謹慎態度,並認為它們對他們的投票決策影響有限。

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  315. 2024娛樂城的創新趨勢

    隨著2024年的到來,娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年,娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞,更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。

    首先,2024年的娛樂城極大地融合了最新的技術。增強現實(AR)和虛擬現實(VR)技術的引入,為玩家提供了沉浸式的賭博體驗。這種全新的遊戲方式不僅帶來視覺上的震撼,還為玩家創造了一種置身於真實賭場的感覺,而實際上他們可能只是坐在家中的沙發上。

    其次,人工智能(AI)在娛樂城中的應用也達到了新高度。AI技術不僅用於增強遊戲的公平性和透明度,還在個性化玩家體驗方面發揮著重要作用。從個性化遊戲推薦到智能客服,AI的應用使得娛樂城更能滿足玩家的個別需求。

    此外,線上娛樂城的安全性和隱私保護也獲得了顯著加強。隨著技術的進步,更加先進的加密技術和安全措施被用來保護玩家的資料和交易,從而確保一個安全可靠的遊戲環境。

    2024年的娛樂城還強調負責任的賭博。許多平台採用了各種工具和資源來幫助玩家控制他們的賭博行為,如設置賭注限制、自我排除措施等,體現了對可持續賭博的承諾。

    總之,2024年的娛樂城呈現出一個高度融合了技術、安全和負責任賭博的行業新面貌,為玩家提供了前所未有的娛樂體驗。隨著這些趨勢的持續發展,我們可以預見,娛樂城將不斷地創新和進步,為玩家帶來更多精彩和安全的娛樂選擇。

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  325. 2024娛樂城的創新趨勢

    隨著2024年的到來,娛樂城業界正經歷著一場革命性的變遷。這一年,娛樂城不僅僅是賭博和娛樂的代名詞,更成為了科技創新和用戶體驗的集大成者。

    首先,2024年的娛樂城極大地融合了最新的技術。增強現實(AR)和虛擬現實(VR)技術的引入,為玩家提供了沉浸式的賭博體驗。這種全新的遊戲方式不僅帶來視覺上的震撼,還為玩家創造了一種置身於真實賭場的感覺,而實際上他們可能只是坐在家中的沙發上。

    其次,人工智能(AI)在娛樂城中的應用也達到了新高度。AI技術不僅用於增強遊戲的公平性和透明度,還在個性化玩家體驗方面發揮著重要作用。從個性化遊戲推薦到智能客服,AI的應用使得娛樂城更能滿足玩家的個別需求。

    此外,線上娛樂城的安全性和隱私保護也獲得了顯著加強。隨著技術的進步,更加先進的加密技術和安全措施被用來保護玩家的資料和交易,從而確保一個安全可靠的遊戲環境。

    2024年的娛樂城還強調負責任的賭博。許多平台採用了各種工具和資源來幫助玩家控制他們的賭博行為,如設置賭注限制、自我排除措施等,體現了對可持續賭博的承諾。

    總之,2024年的娛樂城呈現出一個高度融合了技術、安全和負責任賭博的行業新面貌,為玩家提供了前所未有的娛樂體驗。隨著這些趨勢的持續發展,我們可以預見,娛樂城將不斷地創新和進步,為玩家帶來更多精彩和安全的娛樂選擇。

  326. Dubai, a city known for its opulence and modernity, demands a mode of transportation that reflects its grandeur. For those seeking a cost-effective and reliable long-term solution, Somonion Rent Car LLC emerges as the premier choice for monthly car rentals in Dubai. With a diverse fleet ranging from compact cars to premium vehicles, the company promises an unmatched blend of affordability, flexibility, and personalized service.

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  344. Dubai, a city of grandeur and innovation, demands a transportation solution that matches its dynamic pace. Whether you’re a business executive, a tourist exploring the city, or someone in need of a reliable vehicle temporarily, car rental services in Dubai offer a flexible and cost-effective solution. In this guide, we’ll explore the popular car rental options in Dubai, catering to diverse needs and preferences.

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    Tourist Car Rentals with Insurance in Dubai:

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    Weekly Auto Rental Deals:

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    Monthly Car Rentals in Dubai:

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    FAQ about Renting a Car in Dubai:

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    Somonion Rent Car LLC boasts an extensive selection of vehicles to cater to diverse preferences and budgets. Whether you’re in the market for a sleek sedan or a spacious crossover, the company has the perfect car to complement your needs. The transparency in pricing, coupled with the ease of booking through their online platform, makes Somonion Rent Car LLC a hassle-free solution for those embarking on a long-term adventure in Dubai.

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  355. Watches World: Elevating Luxury and Style with Exquisite Timepieces

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  365. 2024全新上線❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ – ATG賽特玩法說明介紹

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    發行年分 : 2024年1月
    最大倍數 : 51000倍
    返還率 : 95.89%
    支付方式 : 全盤倍數、消除掉落
    最低投注金額 : 0.4元
    最高投注金額 : 2000元
    可否選台 : 是
    可選台台數 : 350台
    免費遊戲 : 選轉觸發+購買特色
    ❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ 賠率說明
    戰神塞特老虎機賠率算法非常簡單,玩家們只需要不斷的轉動老虎機,成功消除物件即可贏分,得分賠率依賠率表計算。

    當盤面上沒有物件可以消除時,倍數符號將會相加形成總倍數!該次旋轉的總贏分即為 : 贏分 X 總倍數。

    積分方式如下 :

    贏分=(單次押注額/20) X 物件賠率

    EX : 單次押注額為1,盤面獲得12個戰神賽特倍數符號法老魔眼

    贏分= (1/20) X 1000=50
    以下為各個得分符號數量之獎金賠率 :

    得分符號 獎金倍數 得分符號 獎金倍數
    戰神賽特倍數符號聖甲蟲 6 2000
    5 100
    4 60 戰神賽特倍數符號黃寶石 12+ 200
    10-11 30
    8-9 20
    戰神賽特倍數符號荷魯斯之眼 12+ 1000
    10-11 500
    8-9 200 戰神賽特倍數符號紅寶石 12+ 160
    10-11 24
    8-9 16
    戰神賽特倍數符號眼鏡蛇 12+ 500
    10-11 200
    8-9 50 戰神賽特倍數符號紫鑽石 12+ 100
    10-11 20
    8-9 10
    戰神賽特倍數符號神箭 12+ 300
    10-11 100
    8-9 40 戰神賽特倍數符號藍寶石 12+ 80
    10-11 18
    8-9 8
    戰神賽特倍數符號屠鐮刀 12+ 240
    10-11 40
    8-9 30 戰神賽特倍數符號綠寶石 12+ 40
    10-11 15
    8-9 5
    ❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ 賠率說明(橘色數值為獲得數量、黑色數值為得分賠率)
    ATG賽特 – 特色說明
    ATG賽特 – 倍數符號獎金加乘
    玩家們在看到盤面上出現倍數符號時,務必把握機會加速轉動ATG賽特老虎機,倍數符號會隨機出現2到500倍的隨機倍數。

    當盤面無法在消除時,這些倍數總和會相加,乘上當時累積之獎金,即為最後得分總額。

    倍數符號會出現在主遊戲和免費遊戲當中,玩家們千萬別錯過這個可以瞬間將得獎金額拉高的好機會!

    ATG賽特 – 倍數符號獎金加乘
    ATG賽特 – 倍數符號圖示
    ATG賽特 – 進入神秘金字塔開啟免費遊戲
    戰神賽特倍數符號聖甲蟲
    ❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ 免費遊戲符號
    在古埃及神話中,聖甲蟲又稱為「死亡之蟲」,它被當成了天球及重生的象徵,守護古埃及的奇幻秘寶。

    當玩家在盤面上,看見越來越多的聖甲蟲時,千萬不要膽怯,只需在牌面上斬殺4~6個ATG賽特免費遊戲符號,就可以進入15場免費遊戲!

    在免費遊戲中若轉出3~6個聖甲蟲免費遊戲符號,可額外獲得5次免費遊戲,最高可達100次。

    當玩家的累積贏分且盤面有倍數物件時,盤面上的所有倍數將會加入總倍數!

    ATG賽特 – 選台模式贏在起跑線
    為避免神聖的寶物被盜墓者奪走,富有智慧的法老王將金子塔內佈滿迷宮,有的設滿機關讓盜墓者寸步難行,有的暗藏機關可以直接前往存放神秘寶物的暗房。

    ATG賽特老虎機設有350個機檯供玩家選擇,這是連魔龍老虎機、忍老虎機都給不出的機台數量,為的就是讓玩家,可以隨時進入神秘的古埃及的寶藏聖域,挖掘長眠已久的神祕寶藏。

    【戰神塞特老虎機】選台模式
    ❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ 選台模式
    ATG賽特 – 購買免費遊戲挖掘秘寶
    玩家們可以使用當前投注額的100倍購買免費遊戲!進入免費遊戲再也不是虛幻。獎勵與一般遊戲相同,且購買後遊戲將自動開始,直到場次和獎金發放完畢為止。

    有購買免費遊戲需求的玩家們,立即點擊「開始」,啟動神秘金字塔裡的古埃及祕寶吧!

    【戰神塞特老虎機】購買特色
    ❰戰神賽特老虎機❱ 購買特色
    戰神賽特試玩推薦

    看完了❰戰神賽特老虎機❱介紹之後,玩家們是否也蓄勢待發要進入古埃及的世界,一探神奇秘寶探險之旅。

    本次ATG賽特與線上娛樂城推薦第一名的富遊娛樂城合作,只需要加入會員,即可領取到168體驗金,免費試玩420轉!

  366. 2024娛樂城No.1 – 富遊娛樂城介紹
    2024 年 1 月 5 日
    |
    娛樂城, 現金版娛樂城
    富遊娛樂城是無論老手、新手,都非常推薦的線上博奕,在2024娛樂城當中扮演著多年來最來勢洶洶的一匹黑馬,『人性化且精緻的介面,遊戲種類眾多,超級多的娛樂城優惠,擁有眾多與會員交流遊戲的群組』是一大特色。

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    註冊於英屬維爾京群島,受國際行業協會認可的合法公司。

    我們的中心思想就是能夠帶領玩家遠詐騙黑網,讓大家安心放心的暢玩線上博弈,娛樂城也受各大部落客、IG網紅、PTT論壇,推薦討論,富遊娛樂城沒有之一,絕對是線上賭場玩家的第一首選!

    富遊娛樂城介面 / 2024娛樂城NO.1
    富遊娛樂城簡介
    品牌名稱 : 富遊RG
    創立時間 : 2019年
    存款速度 : 平均15秒
    提款速度 : 平均5分
    單筆提款金額 : 最低1000-100萬
    遊戲對象 : 18歲以上男女老少皆可
    合作廠商 : 22家遊戲平台商
    支付平台 : 各大銀行、各大便利超商
    支援配備 : 手機網頁、電腦網頁、IOS、安卓(Android)
    富遊娛樂城遊戲品牌
    真人百家 — 歐博真人、DG真人、亞博真人、SA真人、OG真人
    體育投注 — SUPER體育、鑫寶體育、亞博體育
    電競遊戲 — 泛亞電競
    彩票遊戲 — 富遊彩票、WIN 539
    電子遊戲 —ZG電子、BNG電子、BWIN電子、RSG電子、好路GR電子
    棋牌遊戲 —ZG棋牌、亞博棋牌、好路棋牌、博亞棋牌
    捕魚遊戲 —ZG捕魚、RSG捕魚、好路GR捕魚、亞博捕魚
    富遊娛樂城優惠活動
    每日任務簽到金666
    富遊VIP全面啟動
    復酬金活動10%優惠
    日日返水
    新會員好禮五選一
    首存禮1000送1000
    免費體驗金$168
    富遊娛樂城APP
    步驟1 : 開啟網頁版【富遊娛樂城官網】
    步驟2 : 點選上方(下載app),會跳出下載與複製連結選項,點選後跳轉。
    步驟3 : 跳轉後點選(安裝),並點選(允許)操作下載描述檔,跳出下載描述檔後點選關閉。
    步驟4 : 到手機設置>一般>裝置管理>設定描述檔(富遊)安裝,即可完成安裝。
    富遊娛樂城常見問題FAQ
    富遊娛樂城詐騙?
    黑網詐騙可細分兩種,小出大不出及純詐騙黑網,我們可從品牌知名度經營和網站架設畫面分辨來簡單分辨。

    富遊娛樂城會出金嗎?
    如上面提到,富遊是在做一個品牌,為的是能夠保證出金,和帶領玩家遠離黑網,而且還有DUKER娛樂城出金認證,所以各位能夠放心富遊娛樂城為正出金娛樂城。

    富遊娛樂城出金延遲怎麼辦?
    基本上只要是公司系統問提造成富遊娛樂城會員無法在30分鐘成功提款,富遊娛樂城會即刻派送補償金,表達誠摯的歉意。

    富遊娛樂城結論
    富遊娛樂城安心玩,評價4.5顆星。如果還想看其他娛樂城推薦的,可以來娛樂城推薦尋找喔。

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