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Klimarealistenes prosesskriv til Høyesterett
Klimanytt nr. 289. Redaktør: Ole Henrik Ellestad.
Forfattet av Nicolay Stang
Etter to tap i retten har Greenpeace og Natur og Ungdom anket til Høyesterett. Klimarealistene har sendt inn et prosesskriv. For det er jo ingen klimakrise. Man har ikke engang kriterier for hva som er en krise. En 15% grønnere klode og rekordavlinger er vel et enormt pre i en verden som går mot 10 milliarder mennesker.
I saken Greenpeace og Natur og Ungdom har anlagt mot staten for brudd på Grunnlovens § 112 etter tildelingsvedtak om utvinningstillatelse i Barentshavet (23. konsesjonsrunde), har de tapt i så vel tingrett som lagmannsrett. I ankeerklæringen til Høyesterett hevder de at bakgrunnen for at vedtaket er i strid med Grunnlovens § 112 er at «Verden er enige om at det foreligger en klimakrise, og at CO2-utslippene må reduseres svært raskt og til netto null rundt 2050.»
Vitenskapelig innspill fra Klimarealistene
Klimarealistene har benyttet seg av retten til å avgi innlegg. Nærmere tusen vitenskapsfolk herunder to medlemmer av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, nobelprisvinner i fysikk Ivar Giæver og atmosfærefysiker Richard Lindzen, har nylig undertegnet et opprop om at det ikke finnes en klimakrise. Påstanden om at det er enighet om dette er derfor usann. Det foreligger heller ingen kriterier om hva som kjennetegner en global klimakrise eller er optimalt klima på klodens kontinenter og soner. Klimarealistene vil med sitt innlegg også vise at påstanden om at CO2-utslippene må reduseres svært raskt og til null rundt 2050 også baserer seg på feilaktig grunnlag.
I lagmannsretten hevdet seniorforsker ved CICERO, Bjørn Samset, at vi kan regulere Jordens atmosfæretemperatur ved å endre våre CO2-utslipp. Empirien viser imidlertid noe annet. Under den store depresjonen i mellomkrigstiden ble utslippene redusert dramatisk. Samtidig steg temperaturen i atmosfæren på samme måte som på slutten av 1900-tallet. Under oljekrisen i 1973 økte atmosfærens innhold av CO2 mer enn i de foregående år til tross for sterkt reduserte utslipp. Etter nedstengning i verdensøkonomien på grunn av koronavirus er utslippene markant redusert, men CO2-nivået i atmosfæren har paradoksalt nok nådd rekordhøyder. Etter 1950 da de menneskeskapte CO2-utslippene skjøt fart, sank den globale gjennomsnittstemperaturen frem til slutten av 1970-tallet. Den største andel av CO2-utslippene forårsaket av mennesker har foregått siden 1996 med tilnærmet flat global temperatur frem til siste El Niño i 2015/16.
Det er åpenbart at disse empiriske fakta gir sterk dissens i vitenskapelige miljøer om hva som er dominerende årsak til klimavariasjoner, menneskeskapt eller naturlig. Man kommer ikke forbi at variasjoner før 1950 er forårsaket av naturlige fenomener. Historisk sett overgår de langt dagens variasjoner. Det er intet unikt i dagens situasjon og slett ingen krise. Historisk varme perioder har stimulert til vekst i samfunnene. Det er de kalde tider som gir problemer. Richard Tol, med tre professorater og metodebok i miljø og klimastrategi som benyttes av FN, har i en metastudie i 2014 konkludert at: «Verden vil bli et bedre sted for fattig og rik ved en økning av temperaturen inntil 2.2 C». En 15% grønnere klode de siste 40 år støtter opp om det.
Ifølge den siste hovedrapporten til FNs klimapanel (AR5 2013) skyldes rundt 4 prosent av CO2-utslippene menneskelig aktivitet. Disse inngår i et temperaturavhengig CO2-kretsløp. Blant annet vil høyere overflatetemperatur i havet gi påfølgende utgassing av CO2 som vi tydelig observerte under en El Niño der varmt vann veller opp til overflaten i Stillehavet.
Praktisk umulig å erstatte fossil energi innen 2050
Selv om retten skulle akseptere Samsets modeller, lar det seg ikke gjøre å redusere utslippene til netto null rundt 2050. Over 80 prosent av verdens energiforbruk kommer fra kull, olje og gass. Sol og vind bidrar med under 3%. Slik har det vært lenge til tross for at det er brukt enorme beløp inklusive statlige subsidieordninger, på vindturbiner og solpaneler. Dersom vi skulle redusere den globale bruken av fossil energi med 90 prosent i 2050 uten å redusere energiproduksjonen for en voksende befolkning, må vi ferdigstille 1500 vindturbiner på 2 MW eller 13 millioner solcellepaneler med spisseffekt på 300 W daglig de neste 12000 dagene. I tillegg må det bygges kraftverk som kan levere strøm når det er vindstille og solen ikke skinner. Alternativt kan 1,5 kjernekraftverk på 1 GW innvies daglig de neste tolv tusen dagene. Det ser altså ut som den sakkyndige seniorforsker fra Cicero, Bjørn Samset, er fullstendig i utakt med realitetene.
De samlede CO2-utslippene fra norsk petroleumsindustri utgjør bare en drøy tredjedel av CO2-utslippene fra ett av de mange kullkraftverkene som bygges i verden i dag. Med klimamodellen MAGICC kan vi beregne den teoretiske virkningen av petroleumsindustriens utslipp. Selv om modellen sannsynligvis opererer med en for høy følsomhet for CO2, viser den en redusert global middeltemperatur i år 2100 på kun 0,000007 grader dersom vi kutter all produksjon i dag. Bortfallet av norsk petroleum vil imidlertid bli erstattet av andre lands produksjon så utslippene reduseres ikke av den grunn — snarere tvert om fordi vi produserer med lavere utslipp enn andre. Den eneste effekten vil være en ødelagt økonomi.
Retningslinjene brutt
I retningslinjer for sakkyndigarbeid i domstolene utarbeidet av Dommerforeningen, Riksadvokaten, Regjeringsadvokaten og Advokatforeningen står det at retten bør sørge for omtale av faglige omstridte spørsmål en sak reiser, om det foreligger ulike retninger eller «skoler» i fagmiljøet, herunder hvordan den foreslåtte sakkyndige plasserer seg i denne debatten. Sakens dokumenter tyder ikke på at dette er gjennomført. Det synes heller ikke som om sakkyndige i tilstrekkelig grad har redegjort for årsakssammenhenger og tvil. I tillegg skilles det ikke klart mellom faktiske forhold og modellbaserte påstander. For å bøte på dette har Klimarealistenes vitenskapelige råd utarbeidet et faglig bilag med 9 understøttende appendikser.
Konklusjon
Norsk rettspraksis har brutt retningslinjene for å belyse en sak fra to sider. Ikke i en bagatellmessig sak, men i det norske samfunns mest livsviktige økonomiske sak – nedleggelse av norsk petroleumsvirksomhet. Klimarealistenes ubetalte bidrag er av prinsipiell nasjonal betydning. Mens 40 milliarder årlig går til klimatiltak over statsbudsjettet basert på ideologibasert forskning.
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ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG: สัมผัสประสบการณ์เกมสล็อตออนไลน์แบบใหม่
ก่อนที่คุณจะเริ่มเล่นเกมสล็อตออนไลน์ สิ่งสำคัญคือการทำความรู้จักกับการทดลองเล่นเสียก่อน เกมสล็อต ทดลองเล่นสล็อต นั้นได้รับแรงบันดาลใจจากเครื่องสล็อตแบบดั้งเดิม โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง Triple Gold Slot ซึ่งเคยเป็นที่นิยมอย่างมากในคาสิโนต่างประเทศ ในเกมสล็อต ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG ผู้เล่นจะได้สัมผัสกับรูปแบบของเกมที่มีความเรียบง่ายและคลาสสิก มาพร้อมกับรีล (Reel) จำนวน 5 แถวและเพย์ไลน์ (Payline) หรือรูปแบบการชนะรางวัลที่มากถึง 15 รูปแบบ ทำให้มีโอกาสชนะได้หลากหลายมากยิ่งขึ้น
สัญลักษณ์ต่าง ๆ ในเกมนี้สร้างความรู้สึกถึงบรรยากาศของสล็อตดั้งเดิม โดยมีสัญลักษณ์ที่เป็นที่รู้จักเช่น รูปเชอร์รี่ ตัวเลข 7 และเพชร ซึ่งนอกจากจะทำให้เกมมีความน่าสนใจแล้วยังเพิ่มโอกาสในการทำกำไรอีกด้วย
ความสะดวกสบายของเกมสล็อต PG
ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG นั้นไม่เพียงแค่มีรูปแบบการเล่นที่เข้าใจง่าย แต่ยังมีความสะดวกสบายอย่างยิ่ง ไม่ว่าคุณจะใช้คอมพิวเตอร์หรือโทรศัพท์มือถือรุ่นใด เพียงแค่เชื่อมต่ออินเทอร์เน็ต คุณก็สามารถเข้าร่วมสนุกได้ทันที ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG ยังถูกออกแบบมาให้รองรับอุปกรณ์หลากหลายประเภท เพื่อมอบประสบการณ์การเล่นที่ราบรื่นไม่ติดขัดแก่ผู้เล่นทุกคน
การเลือกธีมและรูปแบบเกม
ที่สำคัญ ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG ยังมีหลากหลายธีมให้เลือกเล่น ไม่ว่าจะเป็นธีมที่น่าตื่นเต้น น่ารัก หรือธีมที่มีความสมจริง ทำให้ผู้เล่นสามารถสนุกสนานไปกับรูปแบบต่าง ๆ ตามความชอบ
ด้วยคุณสมบัติทั้งหมดนี้ ทดลองเล่นสล็อต PG ได้กลายเป็นตัวเลือกที่นิยมในหมู่ผู้เล่นเกมออนไลน์ที่กำลังมองหาความท้าทายใหม่ ๆ และการชนะที่ง่ายขึ้น หากคุณกำลังมองหาประสบการณ์ใหม่ ๆ การทดลองเล่นเกมสล็อตเป็นทางเลือกที่คุณไม่ควรพลาด!
It’s a fully peer-to-peer payment method that anyone can use, provided that they hold one or more types of cryptocurrency and a digital wallet
for storage.
Very good facts, Cheers.
Simply publish their mode 16, claim your own write-offs and have the receipt number on the web.
It is done at banks and institutions to reduce
fraud and money laundering.
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