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Hentet: https://steigan.no/2023/08/vulkanutbrudd-i-stillehavet-kan-gi-mer-nedbor-og-global-oppvarming/
Et voldsomt utbrudd i januar 2022 av vulkanen Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai kan føre til både midlertidig global oppvarming og økte nedbørsmengder. Dette går fram av en studie som er publisert av Nature Climate Change.
GOES-17-satellitten tok bilder av en paraplysky som ble skapt av undervannsutbruddet av vulkanen Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai 15. januar 2022. Den førte også til en massiv lynstorm i området.
Mens vulkaner bringer ild og kaos under utbruddet, har de vanligvis en avkjølende effekt på det generelle klimaet. Det er fordi slike utbrudd frigjør en stor mengde med svovel i lufta som sprøytes høyt opp i atmosfæren hvor det legger seg i form av små reflekterende partikler. Et tilstrekkelig voldsomt utbrudd kan blokkere nok sollys til å senke den gjennomsnittlige globale temperaturen med noen få grader Celsius i noen år eller mer. Derfor er det så merkelig at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai ser ut til å ha forårsaket en oppvarmingseffekt over Stillehavet.
Utbruddet startet i desember 2021, men toppet seg i januar 2022 da vulkanen sprutet tusenvis av tonn materiale opp i atmosfæren. Vulkanen ligger omtrent 100 kilometer nord for Tongatapu, Tongas hovedøy, omtrent 150 meter under havoverflaten. Ved utbruddet slapp den ut den normale blandingen av gass og aske, men den førte også med seg utrolig mye vann (i form av damp). Den skyen førte også til den mest imponerende lynstormen i registrert historie, og den økte sannsynligheten for global overflatetemperaturøkning i løpet av det neste tiåret.
Da vulkanen eksploderte sendte den anslagsvis 146 millioner tonn vann opp i stratosfæren, flere kilometer over jordas overflate. Den vanndampen fungerer som en drivhusgass, fanger varme og øker gjennomsnittstemperaturen over Stillehavet. Denne oppvarminga er midlertidig, men den vil antakelig påvirke klimaet på jorda noen år framover.
Tilførselen av vanndamp i slike mengder vil også antakelig kunne påvirke været ei tid framover og blant annet gi økt nedbør. Den vannmengden som vulkanen tilførte stratosfæren tilsvarer 10% av den vanndampen som allerede finnes i der. Det er fire ganger så mye som den vannmengden som skyldtes Mount Pinatubo-utbruddet i 1991. Den førte til et midlertidig fall på 0,5°C i den globale temperaturen.
«Vi har aldri sett noe lignende,» sa Luis Millán, en atmosfæreforsker ved NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory i Sør-California. Han ledet en ny studie som undersøkte den mengden vanndamp som Tonga-vulkanen injiserte i stratosfæren.
År uten sommer
Vanligvis fører store vulkanutbrudd til en nedkjøling av atmosfæren og skaper «år uten sommer». Sommeren 1816 var ikke som noen sommer folk kunne huske. Det falt snø i New England. Dystert, kaldt regn falt over hele Europa. Det var kaldt og stormfullt og mørkt – slett ikke som typisk sommervær. Følgelig ble 1816 kjent i Europa og Nord-Amerika som «Året uten sommer.»
Hvorfor var sommeren 1816 så annerledes? Hvorfor var det så lite varme og solskinn i Europa og Nord-Amerika? Svaret fantes på den andre siden av planeten – ved Indonesias Mount Tambora.
Forskere mener også å ha funnet ut at et vulkanutbrudd i Ilopango mellom 536 og 540 skal ha ført til et fall i den globale temperaturen på ca. 2°C .
Så et enkelt vulkanutbrudd kan forandre mer på klimaet enn 100 år menneskelig virksomhet.
Og når det gjelder Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai vil det altså ha motsatt effekt av for eksempel Ilopango. Den globale temperaturen vil øke, og ingen forbud eller «klimatiltak» kan endre på det.
39 thoughts on “Vulkanutbrudd i Stillehavet kan gi mer nedbør og global oppvarming”
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