Storofsen
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Storofsen, også kaltStorfloa, var enekstremflomsom rammet store deler avInnlandetiNorgei juli1789. Uværet utløste også en rekke jordskred.[1]Dette har gitt uværssommeren navnetSkriusommaren– sommeren med skred.
Flommen skyldtes en kombinasjon av sen snøsmelting, kraftig regnvær og sterk varme, også i fjellet. Den toppet seg mellom21.og23. juli[1], da en bonde iSunndalenskal ha målt hele 320 mm med regn[1]. Flommen rammet særligGlommavassdraget, de øvre delene avBegnavassdraget,Numedalslågen,Driva,Orklaog de midtre delene avGaula[1], men også andre områder fikk smake uværet. Flommen strakk seg like tilOtrapåSørlandet[1]. OgsåTrysilelva, som renner videre inn i Sverige og munner ut iVänernvedKarlstad, hadde rekordvannføring. Vänern fikk trolig også norsk flomvann viaVrangselva, som pleier å motta noe av Glommas vannføring i flomperioder. SMHI (Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut) antyder at Storofsen kan ha rammet Värmland[2].
Offisielle statistikker forteller om 61 omkomne[1], mens andre kilder hevder at det kan ha vært opp mot 80 omkomne.Steinar Åge Brendenoppgir at 72 skal ha omkommet, hvorav 61 iGudbrandsdalen(herav 24 iVågå)[3]. I Gudbrandsdalen alene ble mer enn 3000 hus totalskadet[4]. Mer enn 1500[1]gårdsbruk fikk skatten nedsatt som følge av skadene flommen påførte. Det økonomiske skadeomfanget ble anslått til 563.500riksdaler[1].
IGudbrandsdalslågenskal vannet ha fylt hele dalbunnen.Mjøsable nesten dekt av trær og avfall, og det skal ha tatt to år før innsjøen var ren igjen. De to dagene flommen var verst, var vannstanden opptil syv meter over det normale. Vannføringen var trolig nærmere 5000 m3/s nedstrømsØyeren. Til sammenligning var vannføringen 3600 m3/s underVesleofseni 1995[5]. Befolkningen fikk liten hjelp av myndighetene, grunnet dårlig informasjon om katastrofen.
Bakgrunn[rediger|rediger kilde]
Vinteren1788–1789var svært kald, selv tilden lille istidå være (den var en av de seks vintrene mellom1608og1814hvorThemseni London frøs til så det var mulig å holde marked på isen[6]). Snøen kom imidlertid sent, dette førte tilbarfrostog dyptgåendetele. Denne telen hadde trolig ikke sluppet taket i de dypeste jordlagene i høyfjellet da det kraftige regnværet kom. Barfrosten førte til høytståendegrunnvannsom mettetmyrerog porer i jordsmonnet med vann. Senere på vinteren kom det også unormalt mye snø og sludd.
Dette var mot slutten av den perioden som gjerne kalles den lille istid. En tid med lange vintre og kalde somrer, noe som førte til atbreenevokste kraftig.Tregrensenvar også lavere enn den er i dag, trolig rundt 200 meter. I en periode etter midten av 1700-tallet var klimaet mildere, men fra 1773 ble det kaldere igjen[1]. Aller kaldest var det i 1784[1], som følge av et gigantiskvulkanutbruddvedLakipåIsland. Store mengder gass ble sluppet ut i atmosfæren, noe som førte til nedkjøling og langvarig islegging på mange av elvene i Europa. Og den påfølgende isgangen førte til rekordstore flomstigninger.Moselsteg blant annet med cirka ti meter[1]. I1787og1788var igjen uvanlig tørt og kaldt i Norge, og på senvinteren kom det store mengder snø. Våren1789kom sent, og da den kom, ble det svært varmt og fuktig. Fuktigheten førte til liten fordampning av snøen.
Lavtrykket i Østersjøen[rediger|rediger kilde]
Rekonstruerteværkart, utført av meteorologer iReading, viser at katastrofen ble utløst av etlavtrykkiØstersjøen, et mindre lavtrykk sør forLofoten, og ethøytrykkmed senter nærSt. Petersburg[7]. Lavtrykket over Østersjøen dannet seg over Polen 17. juli, for så å utvide seg og forsterkes. Høytrykket i nordøst blokkerte de vanlige vest-øst-gående lavtrykksbanene. Lavtrykket over Østersjøen beveget seg i stedet svært langsomt mot nordvest, mot Sør-Sverige. Samtidig sendte det usedvanlig varm og fuktig luft mot Østlandet, hvor den ble presset oppover mot fjellene og kvittet seg med fuktigheten i form av enorme nedbørmengder. Lavtrykket sør for Lofoten sendte fuktig luft inn mot Møre og Romsdal og Sør-Trøndelag, med lignende resultater.
Været på Østlandet hadde lenge vært dominert av varmt og fuktig vær, med regn og regnbyger, riktignok med tørrere perioder. I Valdres oppgir imidlertid en kilde at jorda var helt vasstrukken etter vedvarende regn[8].
Om kvelden20. julibegynte regnet for alvor. Voldsommere enn før, først i Telemark.21.og22. juliberetter kildene om et voldsomt regnvær døgnet rundt overØstlandetogTrøndelag. Fra Gudbrandsdalen berettes om halvmørke selv midt på dagen, og bulder og brak fra det voldsomme regnet, tordenværet og utallige skred. På den tiden fantes myeovertro, og mange trodde dette var Dommedag[9]
På Østlandet avtok regnet23. juli, da lavtrykket i Østersjøen ble svekket, og lavtrykket sør for Lofoten drev langsomt sørover og sendte en vestlig luftstrøm inn over Sør-Norge. Med vestlig vind blir Østlandet gjerne liggende iregnskygge. Det klarnet opp igjen24. juli, og resten av sommeren ble mer normal.
Storofsen i tall[rediger|rediger kilde]
Beregning av nedbørmengder, vannføring osv. er basert på samtidige beretninger og de sparsomme observasjonene som ble gjort på den tiden. Og ingen senere flom kan måle seg med Storofsen i de større vassdragene på Østlandet. Da flommen iVormakulminerte, var vannføringen ut av Mjøsa anslagsvis 4000 m³/s, og siden Mjøsa i betydelig grad demmet opp flomvannet, må vannføringen inn i Mjøsa ha vært atskillig større enn 4000 m³/s.[10]Til sammenligning hadde Gudbrandsdalslågen vedLosnaen maksimalvannføring på 2852 m³/s daStorflåmen 1938kulminerte[11].
Regnflom[rediger|rediger kilde]
Storofsen var hovedsakelig en regnflom, noe som viste seg bl.a. med rekordvannføring også i lavtliggende vassdrag. I tillegg kom nok likevel en del smeltevann – særlig medOtta, som har 80 % av nedbørfeltet mer enn 1000 moh.[12].
Vi kjenner ikke til at nedbørmålinger ble foretatt i Norge på den tiden. Men ei tønne med en åpning på 1450 cm² og med et volum på 132literskal ha regnet full på tre døgn på Vollan gård iRomsdal. Dette tilsvarer ennedbørpå 320mm. Gudbrandsdalen kan ha fått enda mer[13]. Det er i så fall mer enn normal årsnedbør iSkjåk, 278 mm[14].
Fotograferingfantes ikke i 1789, men det finnes tegninger og malerier av Storofsen – f.eks. avSarpsfosseni nedre Glomma, malt av dansken Erik Pauelsen. I tillegg finnes merkesteiner og andre bevis for hvor høyt vannet faktisk nådde. Sarpsfossens middelvannføring er 577 m3/s. Den nådde opptil 3599 m3/s underVesleofseni 1995[15], men var trolig betydelig høyere under Storofsen.
Utflytting etter flommen[rediger|rediger kilde]
Fogden iSenjen og Tromsø fogderi,Jens Holmboe, kontaktet umiddelbart Kongen i København og ba om økonomiske midler til å hjelpe den flomrammede befolkningen. Da arbeidet tok tid, brukte Holmboe hele sin personlige formue for å hjelpe befolkningen med å bosette seg iBarduogMålselv. Han søkte også råd hos sin fetter,Bernt Anker, som straks sendte sin mest erfarne skogsinspektør for å bistå Holmboe med råd.
I 1789 lyktes det å få en stor mengde bønder fraØsterdalenogGudbrandsdalentil å bosette seg i indre Troms. Så mange flyttet at talemålet i Bardu, Målselv ogØverbygdfremdeles preges avøstlandsdialekt. Den samlede innflyttingen til det nordligstestifteti løpet av 1700-tallet er beregnet til 18 000–19 000.
Vest-Europa utenom Norge[rediger|rediger kilde]
Sommerværet er ofte nokså likt over store deler av Vest-Europa. Det så ut til å stemme delvis i 1789. Uvanlige mengder regn og regnbyger (lokalt ogsåhagl) førte til avlingsskader, flommer og til dels skred i Skottland, England, Irland og Nord-Frankrike. Derimot tyder beretningene på at sommerværet i Nord-Tyskland, Sverige og Island var gunstig for avlingene, med moderate nedbørmengder i juli.
Se også[rediger|rediger kilde]
Referanser[rediger|rediger kilde]
- ^abcdefghijkNVE (2008)Hydrologisk månadsoversikt – September 2008. Noregs vassdrags- og energidirektorat, Oslo.[død lenke]Besøkt 2013-05-20
- ^https://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/varmlands-klimat-1.4935
- ^«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fraoriginalen(PDF)6. februar 2015. Besøkt 6. februar 2015.
- ^http://skabu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Skabuguide.pdf, s. 10
- ^Arne Tollan:Vannressurser. Universitetsforlaget, 2002.ISBN 82-15-00097-5
- ^http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/Londons-innbyggere-varmet-seg-med-marked-pa-isen-7884838.html
- ^Østmoe, s. 52-55
- ^Østmoe 1985, s. 36
- ^http://skabu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Skabuguide.pdf, s. 10
- ^Østmoe, s. 21
- ^«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fraoriginalen(PDF)12. juli 2011. Besøkt 1. februar 2015.
- ^«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fraoriginalen(PDF)12. juli 2011. Besøkt 1. februar 2015.
- ^«Arkivert kopi»(PDF). Arkivert fraoriginalen(PDF)6. februar 2015. Besøkt 6. februar 2015.
- ^«Arkivert kopi». Arkivert fraoriginalen6. februar 2015. Besøkt 6. februar 2015.
- ^https://www.nrk.no/ostfold/vannet-stiger-i-glomma-1.11040388
Litteratur[rediger|rediger kilde]
- Arne Østmoe (1985).Stor-ofsen 1789 : værsystemet som førte til den største flomkatastrofen i Norge(norsk). Ski: Oversiktsregisteret.ISBN8273790010.
- Orkdal historielag (1997).Bilder fra Orkdal. 3. Orkanger.
Eksterne lenker[rediger|rediger kilde]
Storeflaumen i 1743
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Storeflaumen var en ekstremflom som rammet Vestlandet 3.–11. desember 1743. Det er den største dokumenterte flommen på Vestlandet og er kalt Vestlandets storofse.[1]
Flommen oppsto etter at det etter kaldt vær i oktober og november med tele i jorda og snø, kom inn mildvær og kraftig regn fra sørvest. Dette utløste mange snøskred og jordskred og flom.[2]
Flommen rammet Vestlandet fra nord for Tingvollfjorden i nord til Ryfylke i sør og var på sitt maksimale natt til 5. desember. Det var isgang i så høytliggende elver som Bøvra i Lom og i Otta i Skjåk. Både i Sauda og på Hellesylt fant elver nye løp.
I Kinsarvik tok flommen med seg store deler av kirkegården, så likkistene fløt på fjorden. Kinsarvik kirke holdt også på å gå med.[1] I Etne ble ei kirke skylt på sjøen, og ved Voss kirke stod vannet nærmere to og en halv meter opp på veggen.
Over 500 gårder ble skadet.[1] På grunn av flomskadene ble matrikkelskylda (skattegrunnlaget) redusert med 25 % for over 200 gårder for flere år framover.[2]
Referanser[rediger | rediger kilde]
- ^ a b c Klimaendringer og store flommer Arkivert 17. april 2012 hos Wayback Machine. – Lars A. Roald, NVE, 27. august 2003
- ^ a b NVE (2008) Hydrologisk månadsoversikt – September 2008[død lenke] Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat, Oslo. Besøkt 30. mai 2013
Eksterne lenker[rediger | rediger kilde]
Storflaumen i 1860
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Storflaumen i 1860 eller ofsen som den også ble kalt, var en ekstremflom som fant sted på Østlandet og hadde en flomtopp mellom 15. og 18. juni i 1860. Flommen var ikke like ødeleggende som Storofsen i 1789, men vannstanden var mange steder større eller tett opp mot den. Ifølge NVE hadde flommen et volum på 3-4 ganger Storofsen i deler av Glomma. Minst tolv personer skal ha mistet livet.[1] Flommen kan ha vært på nivå med en 500-årsflom.
Flommen kom som følge av at det var uvanlig mye snø i fjellet vinteren 1859/1860. Da snøsmeltingen sto på som verst, falt det også store mengder regn, noe som førte til ekstremflom og store oversvømmelser mange steder på Østlandet. På den måten minnet den om Vesleofsen i 1995, mens Storofsen i større grad var en regnflom. Buskerud var spesielt ille utsatt, og menneskeliv gikk tapt, sammen med husdyr og bruer.
Også deler av Sverige hadde storflom. Faluån ødela en stor del av bebyggelsen langs elvebredden, og vannstanden i Siljan steg til 3 m over det normale[2].
Se også[rediger | rediger kilde]
Referanser[rediger | rediger kilde]
- ^ NVE (2008). Hydrologisk månadsoversikt – September 2008. Noregs vassdrags- og energidirektorat, Oslo.[død lenke] Besøkt 2013-05-20
- ^ «Arkivert kopi». Arkivert fra originalen 12. oktober 2011. Besøkt 19. februar 2016.
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